Feb 28, 2012

Shadow economy


The graphs are from the paper "Inclusive Growth, Institutions, and the Underground Economy" by Singh, Jain-Chandra, Mohommad (2012). The authors conclude: "[I]nstitutions are a more important determinant of the size of the underground economy than tax rates." Compare this argument with Pickhardt and Jordi Sarda's in a another new paper (2012)
Contrary to most other studies, we show that the latter [the Spanish underground economy] is not predominantly caused by tax pressure, but by labor market aspects, macroeconomic influences and criminal activities. 

42 comments:

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    ReplyDelete
  28. GENUINE BANK GUARANTEE (BG) AND STANDBY LETTER OF CREDIT (SBLC) FOR BUY OR LEASE AT THE BEST AVAILABLE RATES
    We offer certified and verifiable financial bank instruments via Swift Transmission from a genuine provider capable
    of taking up time bound transactions.
    FOR LEASING OF BG/SBLC
    MINIMUM FACE VALUE OF BG/SBLC = EUR/USD 1M
    LEASING FEE = 4%+2%
    FOR PURCHASE OF FRESH CUT BG/SBLC
    MINIMUM FACE VALUE OF BG/SBLC = EUR/USD 1M
    PRICE = 32%+2%
    Our BG/SBLC Financing can help you get your project funded,
    loan financing by providing you with yearly.
    RWA ready to close leasing with any interested client in few banking days
    I will be glad to share with you our working procedures.
    Name : Thomas Wolfgang
    Email : inquiry.fastfunding@gmail.com
    Skype : inquiry.fastfunding@gmail.com

    ReplyDelete
  29. Hello
    We are a trade finance company that uses our own credit lines to facilitate the issuance of financial guarantees like BG, SBLC, DLC and more. If our services will be of help to you, let us know so we can guide you with our process.
    Mobile | WhatsApp: +19893413179
    Email:mohammedahsan877@gmail.com

    ReplyDelete
  30. GENUINE BANK GUARANTEE (BG) AND STANDBY LETTER OF CREDIT (SBLC) FOR BUY OR LEASE AT THE BEST AVAILABLE RATES
    We offer certified and verifiable financial bank instruments via Swift Transmission from a genuine provider capable
    of taking up time bound transactions.
    FOR LEASING OF BG/SBLC
    MINIMUM FACE VALUE OF BG/SBLC = EUR/USD 1M
    LEASING FEE = 4%+2%
    FOR PURCHASE OF FRESH CUT BG/SBLC
    MINIMUM FACE VALUE OF BG/SBLC = EUR/USD 1M
    PRICE = 32%+2%
    Our BG/SBLC Financing can help you get your project funded,
    loan financing by providing you with yearly.
    RWA ready to close leasing with any interested client in few banking days
    I will be glad to share with you our working procedures.
    Name : Thomas Wolfgang
    Email : inquiry.fastfunding@gmail.com
    Skype : inquiry.fastfunding@gmail.com

    ReplyDelete
  31. We are Direct Provider of BG (Bank Guarantee),SBLC (Standby Letter of Credit) for lease and purchase.Offer is open to both individuals and corporate bodies.


    Our Services

    Bank Guarantee (BG)
    Standby Letter of Credit (SBLC)
    SWIFT MT 799 MT 760 Bank Guarantee (SBLC)
    SBLC BG Monetization.
    Issuance by top AA rated Bank

    Lease fee 6 + 2
    Purchase fee 36 + 2

    Contact Us:Email mrbennettfinance47@gmail.com

    ReplyDelete
  32. Dear Sir,

    We are broker firm in London-UK, we have direct Provider of BG/SBLC specifically for Lease and purchase, The provider is tested and trusted. We have been dealing with the company for paste 20 years. Interested Agent/Lessee should contact us.

    Email: atgcapitalandfinance@gmail.com

    Skype ID:
    atgcapitalandfinance@outlook.com


    Whatsapp : +1 (605)496-9997

    LUCAS SMITH

    ReplyDelete
  33. Dear Sir,

    We are broker firm in London-UK, we have direct Provider of BG/SBLC specifically for Lease and purchase, The provider is tested and trusted. We have been dealing with the company for paste 20 years. Interested Agent/Lessee should contact us.

    Email: financeaperiolimited936@gmail.com

    Skype ID: financeaperiolimited936@outlook.com



    Best regards,

    FRED ARNAZ

    ReplyDelete
  34. We offer certified and verifiable financial bank instruments via Swift Transmission from a genuine provider capable
    of taking up time bound transactions.
    FOR LEASING OF FRESH CUT BG/SBLC
    MINIMUM FACE VALUE OF BG/SBLC = EUR/USD 1M
    LEASING PRICE = 4%+2%
    FOR PURCHASE OF FRESH CUT BG/SBLC
    MINIMUM FACE VALUE OF BG/SBLC = EUR/USD 1M
    PURCHASE PRICE = 32%+2%
    Our BG/SBLC Financing can help you get your project funded,
    loan financing by providing you with yearly.
    RWA ready to close leasing with any interested client in few banking days
    I will be glad to share with you our working procedures.
    Name : Christopher Liam
    Email : trustedfinancemandate@gmail.com
    Skype : trustedfinancemandate@gmail.com
    WhatsApp: +13475948294

    ReplyDelete
  35. We are Providers of all types of BG and SBLC with the best workable procedures. Our BG/SBLC ranges from MT799, MT760,(Both two way confirmation), MT103/23, MT103 (Both can be one way confirmation and two way confirmation) in USD and EUROS.
    Issuing Bank ranges from Top world 25 banks with face value ranging from 1M EUROS/USD to 5B EUROS/USD
    BROKERS ARE WELCOME & 100% PROTECTED!!!
    Intermediaries/Consultants/Brokers are welcome to bring their clients and cases to our attention and in complete confidence
    we will work together for the benefits of all parties involve
    For further details contact us with the below information Thank you.
    Email: senecapayne1976@gmail.com

    ReplyDelete
  36. Investing with Wilsontrades has been the greatest thing that ever happened to me, I so much appreciate him for his good work over investors for granting us the opportunity to earn income weekly through their Investment platform I invested 1500 Euros about 7 days ago i just received 15,350.00 Euros profit,invest as low as 200 euros to earn 500-600 euros weekly If you want to start making profit on cryptocurrencies investment today wilsontrades is all you need
    email: wilsontradeszone@gmail.com
    Whats-app: +27633586789

    ReplyDelete
  37. We are certified & verified Financial Instrument providers of Lease & purchase instruments. We Lease BG/SBLC @ 4+2% and purchase @ 32+2%.

    Kindly contact us for our procedures and be sure that we would surely achieve success

    For further inquiry contact: BERRIDGE, Ian

    Email: bizfinleasingltd@gmail.com

    ReplyDelete
  38. Hello
    We are a trade finance company that uses our own credit lines to facilitate the issuance of financial guarantees like BG, SBLC, DLC and more. If our services will be of help to you, let us know so we can guide you with our process.
    Mobile | WhatsApp: +19893413179
    Email:mohammedahsan877@gmail.com

    ReplyDelete


  39. Borrow money here today at 3% interest rate. My company offer all kind of financial services at 3% interest rate and our services is 100% guarantee and risk free. to Apply, contact my company with the amount needed and duration via email: sawda.finance@gmail.com

    ReplyDelete
  40. Dear Sir,

    I am a direct Mandate to a genuinely renowned Investment Finance Company offering Cash & Asset Backed Financial Instruments on Lease and Sale at the best rates and with the most feasible procedures.

    Instruments offered can be put in all forms of trade and can be monetized or discounted for direct funding. For Inquiry contact.

    Kind revert to have our working terms for further proceedings.

    Email: casimertucholski193@birdlover.com

    Warm Regards
    Tucholski Casimer

    ReplyDelete
  41. Financial Instrument For LeasingAnd Purchase - BG, SBLC, MT103, FRESH CUT, MT799, MT760
    We Offers Financial Consulting to Client, Companies Seeking Debt / Loan Financing And Seeking For Working Capital To Start A New Business Or To Expand Existing Business all over United kingdom, Europe/America. We are equally ready to work with Brokers and financial
    consultants/co... firms in their respective countries.
    The Financial institution can finance your signatory projects such as Real Estate Development, Aviation Service, Agriculture Finance, Petroleum Importation, Telecommunication, construction of Dams or Bridges and all kind of projects.
    Our procedures are most reasonable and safest as we operate a 100% financial risk free process which entails that the issuing and receiving bank continues the transaction immediately after DOA is Countersigned.
    We hope to establish a long term business relationship with you even after this first trial,
    DESCRIPTION OF INSTRUMENTS:
    1. Instrument: Bank Guarantee (BG)/SBLC (Appendix A)
    2. Total Face Value: 1,000,000 MIN to 50B MAX USD or Euro
    3. Issuing Bank: HSBC, Deutsche Bank Frankfurt, UBS or any Top 25 .
    4. Age: One Year, One Day
    5. Leasing Price : 4+ 2%
    6. Sale Price: 32+2%
    7. Delivery : Bank to Bank Swift MT799 and/or MT760
    8. Payment: MT103-23
    9. Hard Copy: Bonded Courier within 7 banking days.
    BROKERS ARE WELCOME !!!
    Intermediaries are also welcomed; do get back to us if you are interested in any of our services and for quality service. Our team of experts will be glad to share with you our working procedures.
    Intermediaries/Consultant... are welcome to bring their clients are 100% protected. In complete confidence, we will work together for the benefits of all parties involved
    Email : liamdarragh.finance@gmail... ID : Liam-darragh
    Whatsapp : +46734779448

    ReplyDelete