Showing posts with label Gender Effects. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Gender Effects. Show all posts

May 27, 2014

Do you think it can be justified that someone accepts a bribe in the course of their duties?


That is from data of the most recent World Values Survey (wave 6, 2010-2014). The official website is not working for me today. The graph is from a table where the 10 rows are the level of justification (Never justifiable  . . . Always justifiable) and the columns are the percentage of males (females) corresponding to each row, for all the countries in the survey. For example around 72% of women think it is never justified that someone accepts a bribe in the course of their duties. For males that value it is around 69%.  

Oct 6, 2013

Female Business Ownership and Informal Sector Persistence (India)

. . . [T]he unorganized [informal] sector has more than kept pace such that the unorganized sector’s share of employment has increase from 80.3% in 1994 to 81.5% in 2005 . . .  What is striking is the substantial increase in female-owned business from 9.2% of employment in 1994 to 18.7% of employment in 2005. 
In the graph "mfg" is probably manufacturing growth. 
From a paper by Ejaz Ghani, William R. Kerr, & Stephen D. O’Connell.
The explain (p. 5)
Cross-country data from the World Bank Entrepreneurship Snapshots find that India’s rate of entrepreneurship is lower than its stage of development would suggest; similar comparisons also highlight that India’s gender ratio among entrepreneurs is lower than its peers. This dual under-performance has cultural and economic antecedents, but it is starting to change. Women are making economic gains in the Indian economy, and further progress represents a tremendous growth opportunity for the country. This paper identifies how this process can contribute to persistence of the informal sector, which is an important consideration for how policy makers view and treat the informal sector.
HT: Catalina Granda Carvajal

Sep 26, 2013

What Happens When a Woman Wins an Election? (Brazil)

. . . [M]unicipalities ruled by female mayors have better health outcomes, receive more federal discretionary transfers, and have lower corruption. Addi- tionally, male mayors hire more temporary public employees than their female counter- parts when they are allowed to run for re-election, and when municipal elections are approaching. These findings suggest that male mayors may promote more political pa- tronage than female mayors and that men and women may respond differently to local election incentives.
That is from a paper by Fernanda Brollo & Ugo Troiano.
HT:  Clarence Nkengne Tsimpo

Sep 21, 2013

Female-Led Firms: Performance and Risk Attitudes

The evidence that female-led firms present a more stable performance over time is indeed consistent with the hypothesis that women are more risk averse decision makers. These different attitudes towards risk are also in line with previous findings in the literature showing that women focus more than men on monitoring activities and on the implementation of a stricter firm governance. P. 12.
That is from this paper by Pierpaolo Parrotta & Nina Smith. 

Dec 7, 2012

Experimental Economics: Gender and Corruption

I provide an overview of the literature that explores whether there are gender differences in corruption using economic decision-making experiments designed to simulate corrupt transactions usually involving acts of bribery between a firm and a government official. A primary focus of the chapter is to critically examine this evidence with a view to addressing the following question: will increased female participation in public life – both in government and bureaucracy – lead to reduced corruption? I find that across a wide variety of experiments, studying different aspects of corruption, it is either the case that women behave in a more pro-social and less corrupt manner than men or that there are no significant gender differences. There are no studies that find men to be less corrupt. Consequently, I conclude by arguing that we can answer the question posed above in the affirmative.
That is from a literature review on the subject by Ananish Chaudhuri in Research in Experimental Economics (2012). The chapter is available here - Google Books, p. 13. The literature on the topic is substantial, see here. 

Why? May be women have different time preferences than men, there is indeed some evidence showing that women are more patient, see here. Perhaps this explains why women are the majority of clients of micro-lending organizations.